Title : Eco friendly bioremediation: Azolla pinnata as a natural shield against hexaconazole toxicity in cyprinus carpio (LINNAEUS, 1758)
Abstract:
Fish populations worldwide face mounting pressure from agricultural runoff containing fungicides, with Cyprinus carpio (common carp) being a particularly vulnerable and commercially important species. Hexaconazole (HEX) is a triazole fungicide commonly used in crop protection. It frequently gets into freshwater bodies, where it builds up and harms non-target organisms. This study looked at the long-term effects of HEX on the blood and biochemical health of C. carpio. It also examined whether using Azolla pinnata, an aquatic fern with the ability to clean up the environment, could help protect the fish. The fish were exposed to low levels of HEX (0.1 and 0.2 μg/L) for 15, 30, and 60 days. Some groups received A. pinnata-supplemented diet. Different haematological parameters were analysed, including red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC), haemoglobin, haematocrit, and erythrocyte count. Biochemical measures such as AST, ALT, ALP, urea, creatinine, total protein, and albumin were also investigated. In our results, red blood cell counts, haemoglobin, and haematocrit dropped significantly, indicating anaemia. At the same time, white blood cell counts increased, suggesting stress on the immune system. Biochemical tests showed signs of liver and kidney damage, with higher levels of AST, ALT, ALP, urea, and creatinine, along with lower protein and albumin levels. Whereas A. pinnata supplementation significantly lowered these negative effects. The treated fish had improved blood counts, better haemoglobin levels, normal white blood cell and platelet counts, and fewer signs of liver and kidney stress. A. pinnata, when fed alone, helped maintain or improve physiological health, showing it is safe and helpful as a dietary addition. This study concludes, chronic exposure to HEX disrupts blood, liver, and kidney functions in C. carpio, while adding A. pinnata provides strong protective benefits. These results suggest the potential for using plant-based approaches to protect fish health and support sustainable aquaculture in environments affected by pesticides.
