Title : From water to fish: Microplastic exposure and ecological risk in a tropical freshwater fishery lake in the Philippines
Abstract:
Microplastics (MPs) in freshwater fisheries can be transferred to consumers via edible fish. We quantified MP occurrence and polymer?resolved risk in surface waters and four fish species from Lake Sampaloc (Philippines), a tropical fishery lake influenced by urban and aquaculture activities. Surface?water concentrations were s4,367–5,033 particles m−3, peaking near residential zones. Fibers predominated in water, with fragments and films also present. MPs were detected in 53% of fish, with Chanos chanos showing the highest tissue burden; farmed fish carried higher loads than wild fish. ATR?FTIR on a representative subset identified polyethylene and polypropylene as dominant polymers. Risk indices indicated very high contamination and ecological risk in water (CFi = 6.0; PLI = 2.20–2.66; H = 417; 35 PERI = 2,560) and moderate levels in fish (CFi = 1.9; PLI = 1.33; H = 89; PERI = 203; 36 PRI = 0.4). Fiber ingestion scaled with fish size (Pearson r = 0.691). These results provide a 37 site?specific baseline for toxicological risk assessment in a tropical freshwater fishery and 38 highlight potential exposure via commonly consumed fish.

